STUDIES  IN  SOCIOLOGY 

SOCIOLOGICAL    MONOGRAPH    NO.  12 

VOL.  Ill  MAY  1919  No.  4 


EDITED  BY  EMORY  S.   BOGARDUS 

Depa.tment  of  Sociology.  University  of  Southern  California 


RURAL  COMMUNITY 

LIFE  IN  THE 
HAUTE  MARNE 

BY 
ERNEST  G.  BISHOP,  A.M. 


Published  by  the  Southern  California  Sociological  Society 

University  of  Southern  California 

Los  Angeles,  California 


RURAL  COMMUNITY  LIFE  IN  THE 
HAUTE  MARNE 

By  ERNEST  G.  BISHOP,  A.M.* 

1.  Introduction. — There  is  no  region  in  western  Europe  so 
rich  in  historical  association  as  that  valley  which  is  drained  by 
the  river  Marne.  Not  less  important  than  the  victories  of  Tours 
and  Chalons  in  saving  France  and  the  liberties  of  free  nations 
from  the  blighting  menace  of  invading  and  destructive  hordes 
stand  the  triumphs  won  at  the  first  and  second  battles  of  the 
Marne.  That  name  is  woven  permanently  into  the  fabric  of 
history.  Upper  Marne  River,  having  its  source  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Haute  Marne,  also  drains  historic  ground.  At  a  time 
when  France  was  a  wilderness  and  without  roads,  warriors  navi- 
gated this  stream  and  fought  along  its  banks.  At  Langres,  near 

EniTOB's  NOTE  :  The  author  of  this  study  was  born  in  Hastings,  England.  At 
the  age  of  eight  months  he  came  to  the  T7nited  States. 

Mr.  Bishop  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  from  the  University  of 
Southern  California  in  June,  1915,  and  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from  the  same 
institution  one  year  later.  He  was  married  to  Miss  Florence  B.  Hight,  R.  N.,  of 
Los  Angeles  on  December  19,  1917,  in  Tacoma,  Washington. 

Mr.  Bishop  entered  the  service  of  the  United  States  Army  on  October  3.  1917. 
He  was  in  training  in  Company  A,  348th  Machine  Gun  Battalion  at  Camp  Lewis, 
which  was  often  spoken  of  as  the  best  trained  and  most  efficient  unit  in  Camp.  Mr. 
Bishop  left  Camp  Lewis  on  June  25,  1918.  for  overseas  duty  and  arrived  at  the 
village  of  Poulangy,  situated  among  the  hills  about  fourteen  kilometers  from  the 
American  headquarters  at  Chaumont.  After  two  months  of  intensive  drill,  the  348th 
departed  for  the  front  lines  and  reached  a  position  in  reserve  on  September  22. 
Three  hours  after  the  Battalion  went  into  action  on  September  26,  Mr.  Bishop 
was  severely  wounded.  Both  limbs  and  the  left  arm  were  broken,  and  twenty-one 
schrapnel  wounds  were  suffered.  In  a  remarkable  article  entitled  "How  it  feels  to 
be  shot,"  in  the  San  Francisco  Bulletin  for  March  22,  1919,  Private  Bishop  reports 
that  he  has  twenty-one  souvenirs  of  the  battle  of  the  Argonne  "I  collected  alto- 
gether twenty-one  of  them  (schrapnel),  all  fortunately  in  the  arms  and  legs." 
Private  Bishop  says  that  after  the  77  had  bursted  with  a  terrific  roar,  "My  ears 
rving  with  a  sharp,  metallic  din,  my  head  buzzed  and  for  a  fleeting  second  I  ques- 
tioned whether  I  was  dead  or  alive.  In  fact,  my  inner  consciousness  seemed  to 
insist  that  I  was  dead." 

He  left  France  on  January  20,  1919 ;  reached  New  York,  January  31 ;  and 
arrived  at  Letterman  Hospital,  San  Francisco  on  February  14,  where  he  is  at 
present  writing  (April  15,  1919,)  in  the  charge  of  the  reconstruction  aides.  In  a 
letter.  Mr.  Bishop  says,  "I  have  no  regrets  whatever,  for  I  was  crippled  in  the 
greatest  crusade,  the  most  righteous  cause  that  mankind  ever  undertook." 

The  first  draft  of  this  monograph  was  made  in  France  while  the  author  was  a 
hospital  patient. 


the  source  of  this  stream,  Caesar  subdued  one  of  the  native  tribes. 
And  battles  have  been  waged  and  counsels  have  been  held  along 
this  watercourse  during  the  great  conflicts  of  western  Europe, 
from  the  time  of  Caesar's  invasion  until  the  present  day.  Thus, 
a  study  of  a  region  so  favored  with  a  historical  background  and 
of  its  inhabitants  whose  mode  of  living  is  so  utterly  alien  to  the 
modern  world  to  which  we  are  accustomed  is  full  of  interest, 
especially  since  France  has  been  the  storm  center  of  the  Great 
War  and  her  deeds  of  valor  and  might  have  won  the  admiration 
of  the  civilized  world. 

2.  France  a  Rural  Nation. — France  is  a  country  still  in  the 
agricultural  stage  of  industry.     More  people  live  in  the  country 
than  in  the  cities,  a  condition  largely  due  to  Napoleon's  agrarian 
reforms,  by  the  provisions  of  which  small  holdings  were  parceled 
out  to  the  citizens  as  an  inducement  to  remain  on  the  soil  and  to 
build  up  a  sturdy  peasantry.    Thus,  instead  of  a  few  large  estates 
there  are  many  small  farms.     An  idea  of  their  number  may  be 
gained  by  recalling  the  fact  that  the  average  size  is  seventeen 
acres.     As  a  result  of  this  agricultural  prominence  national  life 
has  a  strong  rural  trend.     Designs  upon  coins  and  engravings 
upon  currency  represent  chiefly  pastoral  scenes — the  sowing  of 
seeds  and  the  harvesting  of  ripened  sheaves.     The   Department 
of  Haute  Marne  is  a  representative  district  of  rural  France. 

3.  Topography. — Haute  Marne  is  a  region  of  unsurpassed 
scenic  beauty  and  pastoral  tranquillity,  untouched  by  the  blight- 
ing desolation  of  the  recent  war.     The  predominant  features  of 
the  landscape   are  a  continuous   series   of  forest-crowned  hills 
with  intervening  valleys,  green  with  vegetation,  through  which 
streams   move   leisurely   on  their  journeys   to   the   sea.     Hard- 
packed  stone  roads,  bordered  by  rows  of  tall  poplars,  follow  the 
course  of  the  valleys  and  wind  their  way  over  the  hills.    Rainfall 
is  abundant;  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  agriculture.    Hence  this 
region  is  ideal  for  dairying  and  general  farming. 

4.  The  Rural  Village. — The  rural  village  consists  of  a  group 
of  buildings  of  varied  age  and  architecture  which  are  clustered 
along  narrow  and  crooked  streets.     They  are  built  entirely  of 
stone  and  roofed  with  tile.    Houses  set  amid  lawns,  flowers,  and 

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shrubbery  are  seldom  seen.  Each  dwelling  abuts  closely  upon 
the  street;  the  only  yard  consists  of  a  small  plot  in  the  rear 
confined  within  garden  walls.  As  in  the  case  of  the  congested 
areas  of  our  large  cities,  the  street  is  the  playground  of  youth. 
Children  share  the  village  square  with  geese  and  poultry.  Ideas 
of  beauty  and  even  the  rudiments  of  neatness  and  order  are 
entirely  lacking.  Heaps  of  barnyard  refuse  and  bits  of  agri- 
cultural implements  often  litter  the  dooryards,  and  even  the 
main  streets  are  not  free  from  trash  and  filth.  Plumbing  is 
unknown;  the  water  of  the  village  fountain  quenches  the  thirst 
of  man  and  beast  alike.  The  same  roof  shelters  both  the  farmer 
and  his  livestock.  A  door  often  leads  direct  from  the  living  room 
to  the  stable.  The  existing  sanitary  conditions  can  easily  be 
imagined. 

The  farmer  is  a  town  dweller;  he  does  not  live  upon  the 
soil  he  cultivates.  Generally  there  is  a  small  garden  adjacent 
to  the  house;  the  main  holdings  lie  outside  the  village.  This 
custom  of  living  in  groups  is  undoubtedly  a  survival  of  unsettled 
times  when  all  people  lived  within  walled  towns  for  the  purpose 
of  mutual  protection  against  roving  brigands  and  other  persons 
of  hostile  intent. 

5.  Industries. — As  stated  in  a  preceding  paragraph,  agri- 
cultural methods  are  decidedly  primitive.  The  cultivation  of  land 
in  strips,  a  scheme  employed  in  England  five  hundred  years  ago, 
is  common.  The  chief  crops  are  potatoes,  hay,  oats,  and  wheat. 
These  are  planted  in  alternating  strips  in  the  same  field.  Crop 
rotation  is  not  closely  followed.  The  farm  wagon  consists  of  a 
huge,  clumsy,  two-wheeled  cart  drawn  by  one  or  more  horses 
in  single  file.  It  is  not  an  uncommon  sight  to  see  an  ox,  donkey, 
and  horse  hitched  to  a  plow  in  a  single  file.  Even  milch  cows, 
in  the  stress  of  abnormal  times,  are  pressed  into  service  as  draught 
animals.  The  methods  of  harvesting  and  threshing  grain  are 
antiquated.  Although  in  a  few  instances  a  reaper  or  binder  of 
American  manufacture  is  used,  almost  all  the  grain  is  still  cut 
with  a  "cradle,"  a  device  employed  by  the  American  farmer 
before  the  advent  of  modern  agricultural  machinery.  After  the 
sheaves  are  gathered  the  fields  are  hand  raked,  and  often  the 
scattered  straws  are  gleaned  by  hand.  The  labor  of  the  field  is 
a  family  activity,  youths,  women,  and  old  men  toiling  together. 

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This  situation  is  largely  due  to  war's  toll  of  man-power.  If  the 
head  of  the  household  is  so  fortunate  as  to  secure  a  permission 
during  harvest,  he  will  be  found  in  the  field  with  his  family. 
The  most  modern  threshing  device  is  a  machine  which  mangles 
the  sheaves  and  pours  grain,  chaff,  and  straw  together  on  the 
barn  floor.  Horses  furnish  the  motive  power  for  this  crude  im- 
plement by  means  of  a  "sweep."  The  common  practice  is  to 
beat  out  handfuls  of  the  grain  against  a  board,  and  to  separate 
kernels  from  chaff  by  utilizing  a  favorable  wind. 

To  view  the  activities  of  the  field  recalls  Millet's  paintings, 
"The  Angelus"  and  "The  Gleaners."  One  who  has  studied 
these  paintings  has  gained  some  idea  of  the  subject  under  dis- 
cussion. 

Next  to  agriculture,  dairying  is  the  most  important  industrial 
occupation.  Nearly  every  household  possesses  two  or  three  cows 
and  a  few  milch  goats  or  sheep.  All  lands  are  unf enced ;  hence 
when  cattle  are  driven  afield  they  have  to  be  watched  lest  they 
stray  into  the  growing  crops  adjoining  the  meadows.  It  is  not 
unusual  to  see  elderly  women  knitting  as  they  keep  watch  over 
their  herds,  or  gathering  the  fragments  of  harvest — scattered 
wisps  of  grain  which  they  place  in  a  basket  strapped  to  their 
back.  In  many  cases  sheep  and  goats  are  pastured  in  common. 
Every  morning  the  village  berger  appears  in  the  main  streets 
with  his  dog.  At  a  blast  from  his  horn-whistle  the  flocks  are 
released  from  their  pens ;  immediately  they  rush  out  in  the  street. 
Shepherd  and  dog  gather  the  various  flocks  together  and  drive 
them  out  to  pasture  among  the  hills.  Each  night  shepherd  and 
flock  return,  the  latter  dispersing  unaided  to  the  various  quar- 
ters. 

Pasturage  is  plentiful ;  the  heavy  rains  make  certain  a  heavy 
growth  of  meadow  grass.  Hence  dairying  is  important  as  a 
means  of  supplying  such  articles  of  diet  as  butter,  cheese,  and 
milk  to  the  household,  especially  at  a  time  when  the  resources 
of  the  entire  country  are  drained  heavily  in  order  to  meet  the 
burdens  of  war. 

Another  mode  of  livelihood  is  the  manufacture  of  steel 
products  for  foreign  trade,  chiefly  with  South  America.  These 
manufactures  include  scissors  and  pocket  knives  of  many  sizes 
and  designs.  Judged  by  the  price  of  our  machine-made  goods  the 

4 


cost  of  these  articles  seems  excessive;  but  beauty  of  design,  ar- 
tistic workmanship,  and  durability  somewhat  compensate  for  the 
high  cost.  The  workman  is  more  an  artist  than  an  artisan  since 
he  performs  every  step  in  the  process  of  making  his  articles  of 
sale;  and  he  attains  complete  mastery  of  his  craft  by  life-long 
application  with  the  same  kind  of  tools  and  materials.  He  is  not 
obsessed  with  the  modern  factory  idea  of  maximum  output  in  a 
minimum  of  time;  neither  is  he  burdened  with  rush  orders. 
Moreover,  he  is  his  own  master  and  is  free  from  the  necessity  of 
constantly  having  to  increase  his  output  in  order  to  keep  his  job. 
Again,  he  labors  under  his  own  roof  and  owns  the  tools  of  pro- 
duction with  which  he  works.  His  standard  of  living  calls  only 
for  the  necessities  of  life.  Social  aspiration  and  social  pretension 
are  alike  alien  to  his  nature.  Hence  he  is  under  no  compulsion 
to  work  at  fever  heat  in  order  to  keep  up  appearances  or  to  pay 
for  luxuries.  Thus,  relieved  from  the  pressure  of  speed  strain  and 
of  economic  stress,  he  is  able  to  give  undivided  attention  to  the 
labors  of  bench  and  forge,  and  to  work  leisurely  and  carefully  as 
many  hours  each  day  as  he  desires.  The  hours  of  labor  and  the 
conditions  under  which  it  is  performed  approach  closely  the 
Idyllic  dream  of  some  of  our  socialistic  critics  of  modern  indus- 
trial life. 

The  family  is  the  economic  unit  of  French  rural  life,  each 
household  supplying  the  majority  of  its  own  needs.  There  are 
very  few  transactions  in  which  money  is  involved  except  in  the 
sale  of  manufactured  goods.  The  farm,  the  garden,  and  the 
herds  supply  the  family  with  food.  The  cost  of  dress  is  neg- 
ligible since  social  life  is  limited  to  church  functions.  In  many 
instances  the  rural  dweller  combines  the  labor  of  shop  and  farm, 
a  practice  which  recalls  the  medieval  guild  whose  members  were 
required  to  assist  in  the  harvest  fields. 

6.  Recreation. — We  have  read  of  the  social  life  of  the  various 
European  Capitols — the  gaity  and  glitter,  the  bright  lights  and 
the  great  white  way,  the  brilliance  of  court  functions,  the  assem- 
blage of  wealth  and  wit,  the  murky,  mysterious  demi-monde  as 
well  as  the  myriad  activities  that  will  bear  the  light  of  day — 
in  fact  a  kaleidascopic  variety  of  amusements  and  diversions  to 
suit  all  classes  and  to  satisfy  the  most  fickle  and  capricious  taste. 
This  picture  is  descriptive  especially  of  Paris  which  is  acknowl- 

5 


edged  the  leading  city  of  Europe  in  fashion,  social  life,  and  care- 
free gaity.  In  striking  contrast  stands  the  rural  village  which  is 
utterly  devoid  of  any  form  of  amusement  whatever.  A  moving 
picture  in  the  villages  of  Haute  Marne  would  cause  more  excite- 
ment than  the  return  of  the  poilus  from  the  Front,  for  the  people 
have  long  been  accustomed  to  wartime  conditions.  Secular  di- 
versions are  pitiably  few.  In  the  village  wine  shops  a  few  kindred 
spirits  may  be  found  mellowed  into  convivial  sociability  by  some 
pleasing  vintage.  In  the  community  washhouse  the  housewives 
meet  with  their  baskets  of  clothes.  As  they  kneel  in  rows  along 
the  scrubbing  stones  they  exchange  a  few  words  of  neighborly 
interest.  But  the  amount  of  time  given  to  mere  gossip,  as  we 
understand  that  term  is  negligible,  for  there  is  too  much  work 
to  be  done  in  home  and  field.  The  nearest  approach  to  a  social 
center  is  the  village  ecole  and  the  mairie  in  which  a  few  gather- 
ings more  political  than  social  are  held. 

Points  of  social  contact  with  the  outside  world  through  the 
media  of  books  and  papers  are  few.  Newspapers  are  scarce. 
Almost  all  news  from  the  world  at  large  is  received  in  the  form 
of  a  communique  which  is  read  aloud  by  the  town  crier.  First 
he  beats  on  his  drum  to  call  the  attention  of  the  people  of  the 
surrounding  neighborhood.  Immediately  groups  gather  in  the 
doorways  and  windows  are  flung  open  from  which  heads  are 
thrust,  every  one  listening  intently.  It  is  unique  to  think  that 
the  great  majority  of  villagers  received  their  war  news  in  this 
Avay.  After  completing  the  reading,  which  is  done  in  a  rapid 
sing-song  voice,  the  crier  taps  his  drum  and  then  moves  away,  to 
another  street. 

Rural  Haute  Marne  is  predominantly  Catholic.  The  village 
church  with  its  stained  glass  windows  depicting  scenes  from  the 
life  of  the  Saviour,  the  Virgin  Mother,  and  the  Saints,  with  its 
ivied  walls  and  high  towers  suggests  peace  and  repose  as  well 
as  strength  and  solidity.  Many  of  the  churches  date  their  origin 
from  medieval  times.  Some  of  the  towns  sprang  up  from  Con- 
vent Communities  which  flourished  in  rural  places  hundreds  of 
years  ago.  Evidences  of  their  existence  still  remain — religious 
houses  and  decaying  walls  covered  with  ivy  and  creeping  vines. 
Most  of  the  niches  in  the  walls  are  vacant;  in  a  few,  saints  and 
martyrs  still  keep  vigil  over  crumbling  masonry  and  grass-grown 
gardens  in  which  cattle  now  graze  amid  the  ruins  of  farming 
implements  and  other  debris.  Outside  the  few  secular  diver- 
sions mentioned,  there  exists  in  the  church  whatever  surcease  may 
be  found  from  the  humdrum  routine  of  constant  toil.  Church 
days  and  saints  days,  days  of  weddings  and  funerals  are  golden 


milestones  in  the  lives  of  the  people ;  and  in  honor  of  these  occa- 
sions the  drab  attire  of  labor  is  exchanged  for  the  one  costume 
in  which  the  owner  will  ultimately  be  laid  away  beneath  the 
shadow  of  the  churchyard  walls. 

7.  The  New  Day. — The  coming  of  American  troops  to  billet 
in  the  rural  communities  of  Haute  Marne  marked  an  epoch  in 
the  lives  of  the  native  population.     Instead  of  being  quartered 
together  in  one  building  the  troops  were  scattered  about  the 
village,  a  few  here,  a  few  there,  in  attics,  in  lofts,  in  basements, 
wherever  there  was  room.     As  a  result  of  dividing  the  soldiery 
into  small  groups  social  contact  with  the  villagers  became  firmly 
established.    By  degrees  America,  the  mythical,  the  land  of  fabu- 
lous wealth,  became  less  a  strain  upon  credulity  and  more  of  an 
established  fact.     Eagerness  to  learn  the  language  on  one  hand 
and  native  politeness  and  hospitality  on  the  other  worked  to- 
gether for  the  securing  of  friendly  relations.    Especially  was  this 
true  in  regard  to  the  children.     Being  more  approachable  and 
quicker  to  grasp  the  meaning  of  the  ideas  of  the  newcomers,  the 
children  became  the  media  of  communication  between  parents 
and  troops.     To  furnish  diversion  and  entertainment  for  their 
hosts   the    battalions   frequently    gave    programs   consisting   of 
athletic  feats,  songs,  and  music  in  the  village  square.     During 
these  gala  occasions  the  entire  population  was  present,  all  keenly 
enjoying  the  novel  situation.    The  American  private  soldier  with 
his  dollar  a  day  is  looked  upon  as  the  real  nouveau  riche;  his 
money  freely  spent  in   the  village   shops   adds   greatly  to  the 
income  of  many  people  living  on  a  precariously  narrow  margin 
previous  to  his  arrival. 

8.  Family  Life. — The  chief  characteristic  of  family  life  is 
its  stability.     Marriage  which  is  planned  and  carried  out  by  the 
parents,  the  family  doctor,  and  the  cure  is  a  social  collaboration. 
This  term  also  applies  to  family  activity.   All  work  together  in  the 
garden,  the  stable,  and  the  field,  constituting  a  harmonious  and 
well-ordered  labor  unit.    Due  to  a  war  status  of  industry  nearly 
all  of  woman7s  work  lies  outside  the  home.     Early  and  late, 
women  of  all  ages  and  conditions  toil  at  tasks  often  beyond  their 
strength,  silently  and  with  ox-like  patience.     Still,  no  unrest  is 
evidenced;  no  complaint  is  voiced.     To  keep  the  hearth  warm 
and  the  fields  cultivated,  to  share  in  all  sacrifices,  to  rear  their 
offspring,  to  care  for  refugees  and  orphans,  in  short  to  carry  on 
at  home  as  loyal  and  patriotic  soldiers  of  the  second  line  of 
defense — these  are  the  tasks  to  which  they  have  wholeheartedly 
devoted  themselves. 

9.  Conclusion. — The  fact  should  be  borne  firmly  in  mind 
that  this  study  deals  with  the  abnormal  situation  incidental  to 
war  times.    To  judge  the  French  people  and  their  customs,  man- 

7 


ners,  and  mode  of  living  correctly  we  must  bring  a  full  measure 
of  charity,  sympathy,  and  understanding  to  bear  upon  the  sub- 
ject. France  has  indeed  suffered  burdens  grievous  to  be  borne. 
All  her  young  men  are  dead;  her  fertile  fields,  a  desolate  waste. 
Wars  have  decimated  her  population  and  ravaged  her  territory 
since  times  immemorial  The  drain  upon  man-power  and  re- 
sources has  been  appalling.  Lying  adjacent  to  a  ruthless  enemy 
who  covets  her  mines  and  fields  her  position  has  been  so  insecure 
as  to  keep  the  people  in  a  constant  state  of  suspense.  Even 
in  peace  times  a  large  standing  army  is  imperative.  Not  only 
are  these  men  taken  from  productive  industry  but  also  the  labor 
of  many  others  is  required  to  support  them.  With  frontiers  as 
secure  as  ours,  with  all  energies  and  resources  turned  to  internal 
development  and  the  productive  pursuits  of  peace,  France  would 
be  an  unusually  rich  and  progressive  country.  , 

Again,  the  French  have  the  old  world  type  of  mind,  adhering 
closely  to  custom  and  convention.  "They  are  far  more  conven- 
tional, because  an  older  people  than  we.  In  the  United  States 
men  are  always  on  the  move.  It  is  rare  for  a  father  and  his 
children  and  grandchildren  to  follow  the  same  pursuits  or  even 
to  live  in  the  same  town.  In  France  the  great  opportunity  is  not 
to  do  something  different,  but  to  continue  doing  well  what  was 
begun  a  hundred  years  ago.  The  American  motto  is  "Get  On!" 
The  French  is  "Stand  Fast!"1  France,  smaller  than  Texas,  sup- 
ports a  population  of  40,000,000.  To  survive  competition  and  to 
live  comfortably  there  must  be  an  intensive  pursuit  of  livelihood. 
No  one  can  afford  to  move  from  town  to  town  or  to  change  occu- 
pations at  will.  There  are  no  broad,  virgin  acres  awaiting  set- 
tlement, no  cheap  lands  to  support  a  constantly  moving  farming 
class,  so  extensive  as  to  respond  productively  to  surface  cultiva- 
tion. The  limited  home-acres  must  be  tilled  deeply  and  inten- 
sively. "The  tremendous  and  inevitable  rivalry  in  business,  and 
in  the  liberal  professions,  forces  the  French  to  perfect  them- 
selves in  one  branch  rather  than  to  dabble  in  many.  It  makes 
them  prefer  security  to  risk.  The  people  who  love  risk  begin 
by  emigrating.  Those  who  love  security  stay  at  home."2 

Thus  a  people  rooted  deeply  in  the  soil  and  lacking  contact 
with  progressive  ideas  are  somewhat  impervious  to  innovation 
and  change.  But  American  capital  and  machinery  will  do  much 
to  put  agriculture  upon  a  more  modern  and  productive  basis. 
Greater  than  material  aid,  however,  is  the  influence  of  progres- 
sive ideas  in  regard  to  those  things  which  make  life  truly  worth 
while — sanitation,  housing,  living  conditions,  recreation,  and 
social  betterment.  A  brighter  and  a  more  perfect  day  is  about 
to  dawn  for  those  valiant  defenders  of  freedom  whose  motto  is, 
"Libertv,  Equality,  Fraternity." 

1  B.  Van  Vorst,  France  Our  Ally,  pp.  4,  5. 

2  Ibid,  p.  5. 

8 


A     000  989  603     6 


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